Ok, so it seems like with datatables.js it is not possible (ootb) to get seo friendly pagination and data. There is a deepLink plugin which can be used to jump to a specific table view based on url params, but there is no code available to update the document history (url) when clicking a link in the table pagingation (you would have to write this yourself).
With JS disbabled, nothing is shown at all. So one possible solution would be here to provide a simple table view with e.g. 10 items/page and a default Plone pagination, and hide this visually (but don’t use display: none, as this will remove it from the accessible DOM) when JS is enabled and the datatable did load successfully.
Nowadays I would use something else (I have no recommendations since I don’t need anything like this right now), which is accessible (datatables is not). If it is accessible, Google and friends will also very likely find your content on subsequent pages.